WAEC SSCE - Chemistry - 2022 (Objective)

4HCl + O2 ${}_2$ -- 2Cl2 ${}_2$ + 2H2 ${}_2$O
4:2 = 4/2
2:1

The substance that is a liquid at room temperature and rapidly evaporates on exposure to air is Q. This is because its boiling point is 40 ºC which is lower than room temperature, and it will therefore be a liquid at room temperature. Additionally, it has a relatively low boiling point compared to the other substances in the table, indicating that it will evaporate quickly on exposure to air.

An intermolecular bond refers to a bond that occurs between molecules, as opposed to intramolecular bonds that exist within a molecule. Let's analyze the given options: - Covalent bond: A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms within a molecule, rather than between different molecules. It is an intramolecular bond. - Hydrogen bond: A hydrogen bond occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine) in another molecule. It is an intermolecular bond. - Ionic bond: An ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. Ionic bonds typically occur within compounds and are intramolecular bonds. - Metallic bond: A metallic bond is formed between metal atoms and involves the sharing of delocalized electrons within a metal lattice. Metallic bonds are intramolecular bonds. Based on this analysis, the only intermolecular bond among the options is the hydrogen bond.

AlCl3 → Al3+ + 3Cl-
At cathode:
Al3+ + 3e- → Al
3 mole of electrons corresponds 3 F charge
So, required charge =3 F

- Recognise the functional group in the compound. This will determine the suffix of the name

- Find the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the functional group (it won't always be a straight chain) and count the number of carbon atoms in this chain. This number will determine the prefix (the beginning) of the compound's name

- Number the carbons in the longest carbon chain (Important: If the molecule is not an alkane (i.e. has a functional group) you need to start numbering so that the functional group is on the carbon with the lowest possible number). Start with the carbon at the end closest to the functional group.

- Look for any branched groups:
Name them by counting the number of carbon atoms in the branched group and referring to Table 4.6, these groups will all end in -yl.
Note the position of the group on the main carbon chain. If there is more than one of the same type of branched group then both numbers must be listed (e.g. 2,4 -) and one of the prefixes listed in Table 4.7 must be used. Important: If the molecule is an alkane the branched group must be on the carbon with the lowest possible number.
The branched groups must be listed before the name of the main chain in alphabetical order (ignoring di/tri/tetra).
If there are no branched groups this step can be ignored.

- For the alkyl halides the halogen atom is treated in much the same way as branched groups:
To name them take the name of the halogen atom (e.g. iodine) and replace the -ine with -o (e.g. iodo)
Give the halogen atom a number to show its position on the carbon chain. If there is more than one halogen atom the numbers should be listed and a prefix should be used (e.g. 3,4-diiodo- or 1,2,2-trichloro-). See Table 4.7 for a list of the prefixes.
The halogen atoms must be listed before the name of the main chain in alphabetical order (ignore di/tri/tetra).
If there are no halogen atoms this step can be ignored.
- Combine the elements of the name into a single word in the following order:
branched groups/halogen atoms in alphabetical order (ignoring prefixes)
prefix of main chain
name ending according to the functional group and its position on the longest carbon chain.

Silicon(IV) oxide, also known as silica, is acting as an acidic oxide in the given reaction. It reacts with calcium oxide (CaO), which is a basic oxide, to form calcium silicate (CaSiO3), which is a salt. The reaction involves the neutralization of the basic oxide by the acidic oxide to produce a salt. Therefore, the correct option is "an acidic oxide".

Graphite is a form of carbon that is composed of layers of hexagonal rings stacked on top of each other. The layers are held together by weak intermolecular forces, allowing them to slide past one another easily. This gives graphite its soft and slippery texture, making it an ideal dry lubricant. Therefore, the correct option is "layered structures". The other options are not relevant to the properties of graphite as a dry lubricant.

Data obtained from the question
M = 60 g
O = 24 g
Empirical formula =?
How to determine the empirical formula
Divide by their molar mass
M = 60÷120 = 0.5
O = 24 ÷16 = 1.5
Divide by the smallest
M = 0.5÷0.5 = 1
O = 1.5 ÷0.5 = 3
Thus, the empirical formula of the oxide is MO₃

At s.t.p (standard temperature and pressure), the pressure is 1 atmosphere (1 atm) and the temperature is 0 degrees Celsius (273.15 K). In the given gaseous mixture, the partial pressure of oxygen can be calculated using the following formula: Partial pressure of oxygen = Total pressure x Volume fraction of oxygen The total pressure of the mixture is 1 atm. The volume fraction of oxygen can be calculated by dividing the volume of oxygen by the total volume of the mixture: Volume fraction of oxygen = Volume of oxygen / Total volume of mixture Volume fraction of oxygen = 100 cm3 / (100 cm3 + 900 cm3) Volume fraction of oxygen = 0.1 Substituting these values in the formula, we get: Partial pressure of oxygen = 1 atm x 0.1 Partial pressure of oxygen = 0.1 atm Therefore, the partial pressure of oxygen in the given gaseous mixture is 0.1 atm. is the correct answer.

The given electron configuration belongs to an atom with 4 energy levels (period 4). The last filled subshell is 4p, which means that the atom is in the p-block of the periodic table. Therefore, the correct option is "period 4, p-block."

An amphoteric oxide is a type of oxide that can act as both an acid and a base. It has the ability to react with both acids and bases to form different compounds. Carbon(II) oxide (CO) is not amphoteric. It is a neutral oxide and does not exhibit acidic or basic properties. Nitrogen(IV) oxide (NO2) is not amphoteric either. It is a non-metal oxide and typically acts as an acidic oxide, reacting with water to form nitric acid. Lead(II) oxide (PbO) is amphoteric. It can react with both acids and bases. With acids, it acts as a base and forms salts. With bases, it acts as an acid and forms plumbates. Calcium oxide (CaO) is not amphoteric. It is a basic oxide and reacts with acids to form salts. Therefore, among the given options, lead(II) oxide is the amphoteric oxide.

When air in a syringe is compressed without a change in temperature, the pressure increases. When you compress air in a syringe, you are decreasing the volume of the syringe while keeping the temperature constant. According to Boyle's law, which states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature, when the volume decreases, the pressure increases. Therefore, in this scenario, the increase in pressure is the expected outcome when compressing air in a syringe without a change in temperature. The other options mentioned (air liquefies, intermolecular space increases, and density decreases) are not applicable in this context.

Before a reaction could take place, the reactant particles must undergo a breakage of their bonds. This is because chemical reactions involve the formation of new chemical bonds between reactant particles to form products. In order for new bonds to be formed, the existing bonds in the reactants must first be broken. Therefore, the correct option is "breakage of bonds of reactants".

The molar mass of X(HCO3)2 can be calculated by adding up the atomic masses of all the atoms in one mole of the compound. One mole of X(HCO3)2 contains: - 2 moles of hydrogen (2 x 1.0 = 2.0) - 2 moles of carbon (2 x 12.0 = 24.0) - 6 moles of oxygen (6 x 16.0 = 96.0) - 1 mole of X The total molar mass is then: 2.0 + 24.0 + 96.0 + m(X) = 162 g/mol Solving for m(X), we get: m(X) = 162 g/mol - 2.0 - 24.0 - 96.0 m(X) = 40 g/mol Therefore, the relative atomic mass of X is 40, which corresponds to the atomic mass of the element with the symbol Ca (calcium). Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Oxochlorate(I) acid is used as a bleaching agent because it is an oxidizing agent. An oxidizing agent causes a chemical reaction that removes electrons from the substance being oxidized. In the case of bleaching, Oxochlorate(I) acid removes electrons from the colored molecules in the fabric, thus breaking down the pigment and removing the color.

Condensation polymers are a type of polymer formed through a condensation reaction, where two molecules combine and release a small molecule such as water as a byproduct. In condensation polymers, the repeating units in the polymer chain are linked together by covalent bonds formed during the condensation reaction. Looking at the options given: - Nylon: Nylon is a condensation polymer. It is formed by the condensation reaction between two monomers, typically a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, which results in the formation of amide bonds between the monomers. - Protein: Proteins are also condensation polymers. They are formed by the condensation reaction between amino acids, where peptide bonds are formed between the amino acid units. - Starch: Starch is not a condensation polymer. It is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers linked together by glycosidic bonds through a process known as dehydration synthesis, which is a type of condensation reaction. However, starch is not considered a condensation polymer in the strict sense because it does not form a long chain of repeating units with the release of a small molecule. - Polyethene: Polyethene, also known as polyethylene, is not a condensation polymer. It is a polymer formed through an addition polymerization reaction, where monomers containing a carbon-carbon double bond, such as ethene, are added together to form a long chain polymer without the release of any byproduct. Based on this information, the compound that is not a condensation polymer among the given options is polyethene (polyethylene).

Soap is an ionic compound made up of a long hydrocarbon chain and a polar head. The polar head is attracted to water, while the hydrocarbon chain is not. When soap is added to water, it forms micelles which help to dissolve and remove dirt and grime. However, in acidic water, the soap molecules react with the hydrogen ions (H+) in the acidic water, which neutralizes the polar head of the soap molecules, reducing their effectiveness in dissolving dirt and grime. As a result, the cleansing effect of soap is low in acidic water. Therefore, the correct answer is "the formation of unionized fatty acid."

Of the four properties listed, only II and IV are indicative of a metal. II. Metals tend to form ionic compounds with non-metals, such as chlorine. This is because metals have low electronegativity, so they are willing to lose electrons to form positively charged ions that can then combine with negatively charged ions like chloride ions. IV. Metals tend to displace hydrogen from dilute acids, which is a characteristic reaction of metals. When a metal reacts with an acid, it gives up electrons to hydrogen ions, forming hydrogen gas and a metal ion. This is called a single displacement reaction. I and III are not indicative of a metal. Non-metals tend to react with oxygen to form acidic oxides, and many non-metals can have variable oxidation states. Therefore, the correct answer is II and IV only.

V= 50cm3 ${}^3$
Mass= 5.05g
Relative molecular mass of KNO3 ${}_3$ = (39+14+(3*16)) = 101
Convert 50cm3 ${}^3$ to dm3 ${}^3$ which is
1000cm³ = 1dm3 ${}^3$
50cm³ = 50*1/1000
= 0.05dm3 ${}^3$
Moles = mass/ molar mass
= 5.05/101 =0.05mole
Solubility= mole/volume
Solubility=0.05mol/0.05dm3 ${}^3$
Solubility=1.0mol/dm_3

During fermentation, sugar is broken down by microorganisms such as yeast into simpler compounds such as ethanol and carbon dioxide. Therefore, the by-product of fermentation of sugar is carbon(IV) oxide.

The electronegativity of elements across the periodic table generally follows a pattern. Electronegativity refers to the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself when it is part of a chemical bond. However, in this question, we are discussing electropositivity, which is the opposite of electronegativity. Electropositivity refers to the tendency of an atom to lose electrons and form positive ions. It is essentially the measure of how easily an element gives away its valence electrons. In general, as we move across a period from left to right in the periodic table, the electropositivity of elements decreases. This means that elements on the left side of a period are more electropositive compared to those on the right side. This trend can be attributed to the increase in effective nuclear charge (the positive charge felt by the outermost electrons) as we move across the period. The stronger pull of the nucleus on the valence electrons makes it harder for the atoms to lose electrons and become positive ions. On the other hand, as we move down a group in the periodic table, the electropositivity of elements remains relatively constant or even increases. This is because the valence electrons are located in higher energy levels that are farther from the nucleus. The increased distance reduces the attractive force between the nucleus and the valence electrons, making it easier for the atoms to lose electrons and become positive ions. Therefore, based on the explanation above, the correct option is "decreases across the period."

Increasing the temperature generally affects the solubility of solutes in solvents. When the temperature of a solvent is increased, the solvent molecules gain kinetic energy, which results in more molecular motion. In the case of a solid solute, the increased motion of the solvent molecules causes the solvent to be able to dissolve more of the solute, thus increasing the solubility of the solid. Conversely, in the case of a gaseous solute, the increased motion of the solvent molecules causes the gas molecules to escape from the solution more easily, thus decreasing the solubility of the gas. Therefore, the correct option is: "increases the solubility of a solid in a liquid but decreases the solubility of a gas in a liquid."

To determine the quantity of electricity used, we need to calculate the charge (Q) passing through the electrolytic cell. The charge is given by the formula: Q = I * t Where: Q is the charge (in coulombs) I is the current (in amperes) t is the time (in seconds) In this case, the current is given as 0.20 amperes and the time is 60 minutes. However, we need to convert the time to seconds since the formula requires it in seconds. There are 60 seconds in a minute, so 60 minutes is equal to 60 * 60 = 3600 seconds. Now, we can substitute the values into the formula: Q = 0.20 A * 3600 s Q = 720 C Therefore, the quantity of electricity used when a current of 0.20 amperes is passed through the electrolytic cell for 60 minutes is 720 coulombs. So, the correct answer is 720C.

The scientist who formulated the law of conservation of mass is A. Lavoisier, also known as Antoine Lavoisier. He is credited with discovering and stating this fundamental principle of chemistry. The law of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed; it is simply rearranged into different combinations. Lavoisier's experiments and observations led him to conclude that the total mass of substances involved in a chemical reaction remains constant before and after the reaction. This law laid the foundation for our understanding of chemical reactions and the concept of mass conservation in chemical processes.

Atoms of a metal are held together by a sea of electron cloud. This means that the electrons in the outermost energy levels of the metal atoms are free to move around, forming a "sea" of negatively charged electrons that are shared among all the atoms. This creates a strong metallic bond between the atoms, which is responsible for the unique properties of metals, such as their high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility. Therefore, the correct statement is "are held together by a sea of electron cloud".

The standard hydrogen electrode is an electrode used as a reference for measuring the standard electrode potential of other half-cells. One of the given statements about the standard hydrogen electrode is incorrect. Let's look at each statement to identify the incorrect one. - The hydrogen gas is at a pressure of 1 atmosphere: This statement is correct. The hydrogen gas is bubbled over the platinum electrode at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. - A solution containing 1 mol dm-3 of H+ (aq) ions is used: This statement is correct. The hydrogen electrode is dipped into a solution containing 1 mol dm-3 of H+ ions. - A platinum electrode is used: This statement is correct. The standard hydrogen electrode consists of a platinum electrode coated with finely divided platinum black. - The temperature is kept at 20 °C: This statement is incorrect. The temperature of the standard hydrogen electrode should be 25 °C (298 K), not 20 °C. Therefore, the statement that is not correct is "The temperature is kept at 20 °C."

An equilibrium system refers to a state where the rates of forward and backward reactions are equal. Therefore, the statement that is correct is "Forward and backward reactions occur at the same rate". The other options are incorrect because: - The concentrations of reactants and products are not necessarily equal at equilibrium. The actual concentrations depend on the equilibrium constant and the initial concentrations of the reactants and products. - The addition of a catalyst only affects the rate of the reaction, but not the position of equilibrium or the concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium. - Changes in temperature can affect the position of equilibrium and the concentrations of the reactants and products at equilibrium.

The sugar that is a product of the condensation of monosaccharides is maltose. Condensation refers to a chemical reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule while releasing a small molecule, usually water. In the case of maltose, it is formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules. When glucose molecules undergo condensation, a bond forms between the hydroxyl (-OH) groups of the two glucose units, resulting in the formation of maltose and the release of a water molecule. Therefore, maltose is the sugar that is produced by the condensation of monosaccharides.

Based on the given properties of the oxide, let's analyze each property and its implications: I. The oxide is a white powder: This property does not provide direct information about the nature of the oxide (alkaline, amphoteric, acidic, or neutral), as the color alone does not determine its acidity or basicity. II. The oxide reacts with HCl: This indicates that the oxide is acidic because it is reacting with an acid (HCl). Acidic oxides are substances that, when dissolved in water, produce acidic solutions. III. The oxide reacts with NaOH: This suggests that the oxide is amphoteric because it reacts with both acids (HCl) and bases (NaOH). Amphoteric substances can exhibit both acidic and basic properties depending on the conditions. IV. The oxide is insoluble in water: Insolubility in water does not provide direct information about the nature of the oxide. It indicates that the oxide does not readily dissolve in water but does not necessarily determine whether it is alkaline, amphoteric, acidic, or neutral. Based on the information provided, we can conclude that the oxide exhibits acidic and amphoteric properties. Therefore, the appropriate answer would be "acidic" or "amphoteric."

- So any electron configuration in which the last electron (again, the valence electron) is in a higher energy orbital, this element is said to be in an excited state.

- When a carbon atom becomes excited by absorbing energy, one of its 2s electrons is promoted into the 2p sublevel.

The IUPAC name of the compound CH3CH(CH3)CHCH2 is 3-methyl but-1-ene. To name this compound, we first locate the longest continuous carbon chain, which is four carbons in this case. The parent name is butene. We number the chain so that the double bond has the lowest possible number, which is at carbon 1. The next step is to identify the substituents on the main chain. There is one methyl group attached to the third carbon atom (counting from the double bond), and no other substituents. Therefore, the name of the compound is 3-methyl but-1-ene.

. % of C in Ca(HCO3)2
Molar mass of Ca(HCO3)2 = 40+(1+12+(16*3))2
=40+(13+48)2
=40+122
=162
C/Ca(HCO3)2 x 100
=12 * 2/162 * 100
=14.8%

Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. This means that as the pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases and vice versa, while keeping the temperature constant. The graphical representation of Boyle's law is a plot of the pressure of the gas against its volume. The correct sketch that represents Boyle's law will show a hyperbolic curve. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is the sketch that shows a hyperbolic curve, which is option C.

During fractional distillation of petroleum, the process that occurs is evaporation and condensation. Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different boiling points. During fractional distillation, the mixture is heated and vaporized. The vapor rises through the fractionating column, which is cooler at the top and hotter at the bottom. As the vapor rises, it cools and condenses at different heights in the column, based on its boiling point. The lighter hydrocarbons with lower boiling points will condense at the top of the column, while the heavier hydrocarbons with higher boiling points will condense lower down. This process of separating a mixture based on the differences in boiling points is known as fractional distillation. Therefore, the correct answer is "Evaporation and condensation".

P = 10atm, T= 320K, V= 8.2dm3 ${}^3$
PV =nRT
n = P * V/R * T
10 * 8.2/0.082 * 320
= 82/26.24
n = 3.13

Charcoal is used in the decolorization of sugar because of its adsorption property. Adsorption is the process in which atoms, ions or molecules from a substance adhere to the surface of the adsorbent. Charcoal has a large surface area with lots of tiny pores which provides a lot of sites for the sugar molecules to stick to. The impurities in the sugar are adsorbed on the surface of the charcoal particles and get trapped in its pores, leaving behind a clear and colorless solution.

The reaction rate is determined by the collision frequency and effectiveness of collisions between reactant particles. A higher concentration of reactants generally leads to a faster reaction rate because it increases the likelihood of successful collisions. In this case, the concentration of hydrochloric acid is given in terms of mol dm^-3. The higher the molarity (mol dm^-3) of the hydrochloric acid, the greater the concentration of HCl particles in the solution. Comparing the options, we can see that the combinations with higher molarities of hydrochloric acid (2.5 mol dm^-3) are likely to have a faster reaction rate than the combinations with lower molarities (2.0 mol dm^-3). Furthermore, the option involving powdered marble instead of marble chips can also contribute to a faster reaction rate. Powdered marble provides a larger surface area for the reaction to occur, allowing for more collisions between the marble particles and the hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the combination of powdered marble and 2.5 mol dm^-3 HCl(aq) is most likely to have the fastest reaction rate among the given options.

Among the given options, only NH3 (ammonia) is alkaline. When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it produces ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), which is an alkaline solution. The other gases, NO2, CO2, and N2 are not alkaline gases. NO2 is an acidic gas, CO2 is a neutral gas, and N2 is also a neutral gas since it does not have any tendency to either lose or gain electrons.